Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis (CDSA) Level 4
$420.00
The CDSA Level 4 is the most comprehensive stool assessment available for the assessment of digestive, absorption and metabolic. This CDSA Level 4 stool test is recommended for individuals with gut related symptoms such as IBS, indigestion, dysbiosis, constipation, and diarrhoea.
What We Test
Faecal Macroscopy
Macroscopy looks at stool colour and formation, as well as for evidence of mucous or blood which may require further investigation.
Brown is the colour of
normal stool. Other
colours may indicate
abnormal gastrointestinal
conditions.
A formed stool is considered normal.
Variations to this may indicate
abnormal gastrointestinal conditions.
Mucous production may
Indcate the presence of an infection,
inflammation or malignancy
This test is used to detect bleeding in the
digestive tract and is used in Australia's
National Bowel Screening program.
This test can detect tiny traces of blood
in the stool, and can indicate the presence
of disease at a relatively early stage when
stools may appear normal
Digestive & Metabolic Markers
Microscopy is performed for detection of blood cells which may indicate infections or inflammation, as well as markers of maldigestion. The presence of food remnants may indicate poor digestion from too little gastric acid or reduced output from the pancreas.
This stool test measures:
Imbalances in gut pH influence short
chain fatty acid production and their effect.
The presence of red blood cells in the stool
may indicate the presence of an infection,
inflammation or haemorrhage
The presence of white blood cells in the stool
may indicate the presence of an infection,
inflammation or haemorrhage
The presence of food remnants may indicate
maldigestion
The presence of meat fibres may indicate
maldigestion from too little gastric acid or
reduced output from the pancreas.
The presence of vegetable fibres may indicate
maldigestion from gastric hypoacidity or
diminished pancreatic output.
Too much fat in your faeces is called
steatorrhoea which can be a sign of
malabsorption. This means your body either isn't
absorbing nutrients properly or isn't making the
enzymes or bile needed to digest food effectively.
The presence of starch grains
may indicate carbohydrate maldigesting.
Digestive and Absorption Markers
This stool test measures:
Pancreatic Elastase is used to assess pancreatic
exocrine functions and levels reflect the activity
of the pacreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin,
amylase and lipase.
Putrefactive SCFAs are produced when
anaerobic bacteria ferment undigested protein
indicating protein maldigestion.
Elevated levels of LCFAs in the stool may
indicate inadequate lipid absorptions.
Metabolic Markers
This stool test measures:
b-glucuronidase is an enzyme that breaks the
tight bond between glucuronic acid and toxins
in the intestines. The binding of toxins in the
gut is protective by way of blocking their
absorption and facilitating excretion.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced
by gut bacteria through the fermentation of
dietary fibre. They have numerous benefits
for gut health, including serving as an energy
source for colon cells, maintaining the gut
barrier function, reducing inflammation,
regulating appetite, modulating the immune
response, and protecting against pathogens.
Decreased Butyrate levels may indicate
inadequate colonic function.
Decreased Acetate levels may indicate
inadequate colonic function.
Decreased Propionate levels may indicate
inadequate colonic function.
Valerate is a type of short-chain fatty acid
produced by certain gut bacteria through the
fermentation of dietary fibres. Valerate plays and
important roles in maintaining gut health and
overall well-being.
Inflammation Markers
This stool test measures:
This protein is released into the stool when the
intestinal lining is damaged. It's usually very
high in cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
(such as Crohn's or ulcerative colitis), and low in
IBS. Calprotectin is also elevated with gut
infections and colon cancers.
Faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) is secreted by
mucosal tissue and represents the first line of
defence of the GI mucosa and is central to the
normal function of the GI tract as an immune
barrier.
The tTg antibodies test is the most sensitive and
specific gluten intolerance test for coeliac
disease. This tTG test can also be used to help
evaluate the effectiveness of treatment as
antibody levels should fall when gluten is
removed from the diet.
Tumour/ Ulcer Markers
This stool test measures:
M2-PK is the key regulator of tumour
metabolism and its measurement in faeces may
assist in identifying gastrointestinal tumours,
even in the absence of gastrointestinal bleeding.
A positive test result indicates the presence of a
current infection and is not affected by the
presence of other organisms, antacids, barium
sulphate, blood or fat.
Beneficial Bacteria
Significant numbers of bacteria are normally present in the healthy gut. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in particular, are essential for gut health because they help to inhibit gut pathogens and carcinogens, control pH, reduce cholesterol and synthesise vitamins.
This stool test measures:
Bifidobacteria are considered "friendly”
bacteria that are found in fermented foods
like yogurt and cheese, and are used in
probiotics. The gut needs these bacteria to
perform several jobs, including breaking
down foods, taking in nutrients, and
preventing overgrowth of "bad” pathogenic
bacteria.
Bifidobacteria are considered "friendly”
bacteria that are found in fermented foods
like yogurt and cheese, and are used in
probiotics. The gut needs these bacteria to
perform several jobs, including breaking
down foods, taking in nutrients, and
preventing overgrowth of "bad” pathogenic
bacteria.
Bifidobacteria are considered "friendly”
bacteria that are found in fermented foods
like yogurt and cheese, and are used in
probiotics. The gut needs these bacteria to
perform several jobs, including breaking
down foods, taking in nutrients, and
preventing overgrowth of "bad” pathogenic
bacteria.
Bifidobacteria are considered "friendly”
bacteria that are found in fermented foods
like yogurt and cheese, and are used in
probiotics. The gut needs these bacteria to
perform several jobs, including breaking
down foods, taking in nutrients, and
preventing overgrowth of "bad” pathogenic
bacteria.
Bifidobacteria are considered "friendly”
bacteria that are found in fermented foods
like yogurt and cheese, and are used in
probiotics. The gut needs these bacteria to
perform several jobs, including breaking
down foods, taking in nutrients, and
preventing overgrowth of "bad” pathogenic
bacteria.
Most E. coli strains are harmless and play an
essential role in keeping the digestive system
healthy, helping to digest food and producing
Vitamin K. However, some E. coli bacteria are
pathogenic and can cause disease.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are essential for
gut health because they prevent overgrowth of
gut pathogens, and contribute to managing
intestinal pH, cholesterol, and synthesis of
vitamins and disaccharidase enzymes.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are essential for
gut health because they prevent overgrowth of
gut pathogens, and contribute to managing
intestinal pH, cholesterol, and synthesis of
vitamins and disaccharidase enzymes.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are essential for
gut health because they prevent overgrowth of
gut pathogens, and contribute to managing
intestinal pH, cholesterol, and synthesis of
vitamins and disaccharidase enzymes.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are essential for
gut health because they prevent overgrowth of
gut pathogens, and contribute to managing
intestinal pH, cholesterol, and synthesis of
itamins and disaccharidase enzymes.
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are essential for
gut health because they prevent overgrowth of
gut pathogens, and contribute to managing
intestinal pH, cholesterol, and synthesis of
vitamins and disaccharidase enzymes.
Together with other healthy bacteria
and fungi, enterococci work to keep
unhealthy (pathogenic) bacteria
from flourishing and helps to
restore the balance of the microbiome.
Pathogenic Bacteria
These bacteria are pathogenic and are those that have the potential to cause disease in the gut.
This stool test measures:
Aeromonas are bacteria that can cause an acute
diarrhoeal illness that normally clears without
treatment. It is a fairly common cause of
gastroenteritis, which occurs most often
throughout the warm summer months in most
countries.
Campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis) is
a bacterial infection which most commonly
causes gastroenteritis (also known as 'gastro')
but may also cause illness affecting the entire
body.
Salmonella infection usually results from
ingestion of the bacteria from contaminated
food, water or hands. Eggs, milk, meat or poultry
are particularly high risk foods.
Shigella infection (shigellosis) is a type of
gastroenteritis caused by Shigella bacteria. The
symptoms of Shigella infection include fever,
diarrhoea, (sometimes with blood and mucous),
vomiting and stomach cramps.
This infectious bacteria can cause gastroenteritis
and symptoms beyond the gut. Symptoms
include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, fever and
abdominal pain. It can mimic appendicitis or
Crohn's disease.
Opportunistic Bacteria
Our gut bacteria can be divided into ‘bad’ and ‘good’. The good ones for the most part benefit us, whreas the bad ‘pathogenic’ ones can cause disease. Pathogens are usually present in small quantities in the microbiome, however in excessive amounts they can have adverse effects on the body. The beneficial bacteria of the microbiome have a protective function against colonisation by pathogenic bacteria.
This stool test measures:
Pseudomonas is found in water and soil as well
as fruits and vegetables, and is considered an
opportunistic pathogen.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Streptococcus is common in the gut flora. With
the exception of very rare cases, streptococcus
species are not implicated in gastric disease.
Enterococcus species are part of normal flora in
the human gut, but can however be implicated in
a variety of infections of which urinary tract
infections are the most common.
Enterococcus species are part of normal flora in
the human gut, but can however be implicated in
a variety of infections of which urinary tract
infections are the most common.
Enterococcus species are part of normal flora in
the human gut, but can however be implicated in
a variety of infections of which urinary tract
infections are the most common.
Enterococcus species are part of normal flora in
the human gut, but can however be implicated in
a variety of infections of which urinary tract
infections are the most common.
Most E. coli strains are harmless and play an
essential role in keeping the digestive system
healthy, helping to digest food and producing
Vitamin K. However, some E. coli bacteria are
pathogenic and can cause disease.
There are 14 species in the genus, although only E. cloacae has been associated with gastrointestinal infection.
There are 14 species in the genus, although only
E. cloacae has been associated with
gastrointestinal infection.
Yeasts
This test looks for evidence of candida or other yeast overgrowth. Whilst yeasts are a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract, they may become an opportunistic pathogen after disruption of the mucosal barrier, imbalance of the normal intestinal flora or impaired immunity. This can be caused by things like antibiotics, antacids and stress.
This stool test measures:
Candida albicans is the main type of yeast which
colonises the human body. It normally lives in
the gastrointestinal tract and other areas of the
body without causing problems, but imbalance
in the microbiome can lead to overgrowth.
Candida parapsilosis is an emerging major
human pathogen that has dramatically increased
in significance and prevalence over the past 2
decades, such that C. parapsilosis is now one of
the leading causes of invasive candidal disease.
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic yeast
pathogen that has adapted to colonise all
segments of the human gastrointestinal tract.
Geotrichum yeasts can be found in soil, dairy
products and in human skin and mucosae, and
are usually only considered an opportunistic
pathogen in immune-compromised hosts.
Geotrichum may play a role in IBS.
considered pathogenic in nature. These yeasts
are ubiquitous in the environment and can be
found on fruits, vegetables and other plant
materials.
Whilst yeasts are a normal inhabitant of the gut,
they may become an opportunistic pathogen
after disruption of the mucosal barrier,
imbalance of the normal intestinal flora or
impaired immunity. This can be caused by things
like antibiotics, antacids and stress.
Parasites
Some gut problems can be a consequence of an undetected gut infection. A significant number of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) cases could actually be due to undiagnosed gut parasites such as Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis.
This stool test measures:
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that
causes the diarrhoeal disease cryptosporidiosis.
Both the parasite and the disease are commonly
known as "Crypto."
Symptoms of Giardia infection can occur with 3
to 25 days and may include diarrhoea, nausea,
vomiting, pale greasy foul-smelling stools,
stomach cramps, passing excess gas, bloating,
weight loss and fatigue.
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease (also known as
amoebic dysentery) caused by infection with
Entamoeba histolytica or another amoeba (for
example, E. dispar). The disease may not cause
symptoms in most individuals.
Some research suggests that people with IBS
may be more likely to have Blastocystis hominis
organisms in their stool.
The bacteria can be present in the gut for months
or year and misdiagnosed as IBS. Infection can
cause diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping,
anal itching, nausea, loss of appetite, headache,
dizziness, depression, weight loss and fatigue.
Test instructions
1
Your test kit and all instructions are posted directly to you, and there is no need to visit a collection centre.
2
Results are typically available in 2-4 weeks & will be emailed to you once processed.
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